[525] Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series. [351][352][353] Türksat is the sole communications satellite operator in Turkey and has launched the Türksat series of satellites into orbit. What Do The Colors And Symbols Of The Flag Of Turkey Mean? [13] Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family:[40] and, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. Eurasia has been home to several ancient civilizations. Numerous Turkish playwrights emerged in this era; some of them wrote on romantic subjects, while others were interested in social problems, and still others dealt with nationalistic themes. [436], The history of Judaism in Turkey dates back to the Romaniote Jews of Anatolia, who have been present since at least the 5th century BC. The frequent Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, as part of the centuries long-lasting Roman-Persian Wars, fought between the neighbouring rivalling Byzantines and Sasanians, took place in various parts of present-day Turkey and decided much of the latter's[clarification needed] history from the fourth century up to the first half of the seventh century. Turkish directors like Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Yılmaz Güney and Ferzan Özpetek won numerous international awards such as the Palme d'Or and Golden Bear. The two continents consist of 90 countries and nine dependencies. In 2003, the government introduced a sweeping health reform programme aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making healthcare available to a larger share of the population. Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced considerable species diversity. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law-enforcement and military functions. [496][497], Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine. [160], Turkey has adopted the principle of the separation of powers. The head painter, and much more often the scribe of the text, were indeed named and depicted in some of the manuscripts. [466], Turkish painting, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid 19th century.
[389], Religion in Turkey (2019)[390][391][392][393], Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. [388] Endangered languages in Turkey include Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Cappadocian Greek, Gagauz, Hértevin, Homshetsma, Kabard-Cherkes, Ladino (Judesmo), Laz, Mlahso, Pontic Greek, Romani, Suret, Turoyo, Ubykh, and Western Armenian. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyat-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyat (National Literature) movement. [504] The Turkish national football team has won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup and UEFA Euro 2008.[505]. Not all were ethnic Turks; some were Muslim Albanians, Bosniaks, Greek Muslims, Muslim Serbs, Macedonian Muslims and Bulgarian Muslims. [146][147][148][149] Even before the constitutional referendum in 2017 the Council of Europe said the country had autocratic tendencies and warned of a "dramatic regression of [Turkey's] democratic order". [290][291][292], Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, and machine industry.
The International Monetary Fund describes Turkey's economy as an emerging market economy. The broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes and cable systems are widely available. The investment required to comply with EU standards in the sector, especially in wastewater treatment, is estimated to be in the order of €2 billion per year, more than double the current level of investment. [77] As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the Ottoman economic crisis and default in 1875[78] which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878); many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia,[79][80] along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It forms the border between Turkey and its neighbours Greece and Bulgaria. ), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. [145] However, since the 1980s, issues such as income inequality and class distinction have given rise to Islamism, a movement that supports a larger role for religion in government policies, and in theory supports obligation to authority, communal solidarity and social justice; though what that entails in practice is often contested. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would evolve over the next 200 years into the Ottoman Empire. Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. [118][119] Today, EU membership is considered as a state policy and a strategic target by Turkey.
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